Methods and systems for filling iv bags with therapeutic fluid

ABSTRACT

A portable electronic fluid dispensing system can provide pre-filled, pre-primed IV bag assemblies comprising therapeutic fluids. The same fluid line and connector in the IV bag assembly can be used to fill the IV bag as is used to withdraw fluid from the IV bag and infuse such fluid into the patient. The connection points along the IV assembly, such as the connection between the IV bag and a drip chamber, or between an IV bag and tubing, or between a drip chamber and tubing, or between tubing and a closeable, resealable connector, can each be resistant to disconnection by a user. The healthcare practitioner at the patient care site is not required to attach any of these components to each other, and the healthcare practitioner at the patient care site is not required to introduce a spike into a spike port on the IV bag.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/746,048, filed Jun. 22, 2015, pending, whichclaims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 and 35 U.S.C. § 365(c) as acontinuation of International Application No. PCT/US2014/065972,designating the United States, with an international filing date of Nov.17, 2014, entitled “Methods and Systems for Filling IV Bags withTherapeutic Fluid,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/908,674, filed on Nov. 25, 2013, and entitled “Methodand Systems for Filling IV Bags with Therapeutic Fluid.” The entirety ofeach of the above-mentioned applications is hereby incorporated byreference herein and made a part of this disclosure.

BACKGROUND Field

This invention relates generally to medical fluid systems, andspecifically to systems for providing IV fluid to patients.

Related Art

In a typical hospital setting, when a patient is in need of intravenousfluid therapy, a healthcare practitioner: (i) obtains a pre-filled IVbag that has a large port with a flexible septum; (ii) wipes anantiseptic pad across the septum; and (iii) pierces the septum of thebag with a large, hollow spike. The septum forms a seal around thespike. The spike is connected to empty medical tubing, which in turn maybe connected to a fluid connector.

The medical tubing is configured to convey medical fluid from the IV bagto the patient; however, before the tubing can be connected in fluidcommunication with the patient, it must be “primed” with liquid to avoidintroducing air or vapors from the liquid into the patient'svasculature, which could be very harmful. To prime the tubing, thehealthcare practitioner positions the IV bag at a higher location thanthe tubing, and sometimes squeezes the IV bag, permitting gravity andliquid pressure to drive the liquid in the IV bag downward in a columnthrough the tubing, pushing the air and vapors in the tubing out thebottom end of the tubing. When the column of liquid reaches the bottomend of the tubing, a small amount of liquid is typically permitted todrip out of the end of the tubing, or out of the end of a connectorattached to the end of the tubing, into a trashcan or sink, to ensurethat no residual air or vapors remain in the fluid line.

The process of spiking the IV bag and priming the fluid line requiressignificant time and attention from the healthcare practitioner at thepatient care site, and also requires that multiple components beinventoried at the patient care site. In addition, there are manyinherent disadvantages with the bag-spiking process. The tip of thespike is sharp and can inadvertently puncture the healthcare provider orpatient. The spike or the septum of the spike port can carry microbes,if not properly disinfected, that may be introduced into the IV fluidwhen attached. The connection between the spike and spike port may leakif connected improperly. Also, the priming process can permit a smallamount of vapors and liquid to escape, which can be dangerous,especially if the liquid is potential harmful, such as chemotherapy orimmunosuppressive drugs.

Moreover, in many healthcare treatment settings, a large number of IVbags need to be filled with customized amounts and types of drugs on adaily basis for many different patients. If performed manually, thisrepetitive task is susceptible to mistakes by healthcare technicians. Itcan also continuously expose healthcare technicians to harmful medicinalvapors, and it can be a physically difficult chore for a healthcaretechnician, especially when using a large-diameter filling syringe inwhich the syringe plunger is especially wide and hard to push forwardand back.

SUMMARY OF SOME EMBODIMENTS OF THE DISCLOSURE

In some embodiments, a portable electronic fluid dispensing system canprovide pre-filled, pre-primed IV bag assemblies comprising therapeuticfluids in particular amounts and/or particular concentrations that arecustom-made for a particular patient. The IV bag assembly in someembodiments can form a part of a substantially entirely closed fluidsystem. The same fluid line and connector in the IV bag assembly can beused to fill the IV bag as is used to withdraw fluid from the IV bag andinfuse such fluid into the patient. The connection points along the IVassembly, such as the connection between the IV bag and a drip chamber,or between an IV bag and tubing, or between a drip chamber and tubing,or between tubing and a closeable, resealable connector, can each beresistant to disconnection by a user. In some embodiments, thehealthcare practitioner at the patient care site is not required toattach any of these components to each other, and/or the healthcarepractitioner at the patient care site is not required to introduce aspike into a spike port on the IV bag.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a portable electronic medical fluiddispensing system in fluid communication with an example of an IVassembly comprising an integral liquid delivery path;

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of the electronic medical fluid dispensingsystem of FIG. 1A in fluid communication with another example of an IVassembly comprising an integral liquid delivery path;

FIG. 2 is a top view of the IV assembly with an integral liquid deliverypath as shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of two examples of male and femaleconnectors among many types that can be used in one or more fluiddelivery systems; and

FIG. 4 shows a pre-filled, pre-primed IV assembly with an integralliquid delivery path in liquid communication with a patient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

The components, systems, assemblies, and methods that are illustrated ordescribed in this specification are examples. Any component, structure,feature, or step illustrated or described in one embodiment can be usedin additional to or instead of any component, structure, feature, orstep illustrated or described in another embodiment. There is nocomponent, structure, feature, or step in this specification that isessential or indispensable to the invention.

As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, an electronic fluid delivery system 100 cancomprise an external housing 145 containing or supporting variousinternal components, such as a power regulator, a microprocessor, adrive motor, a driving mechanism (e.g., gearing), a memory, andcommunications hardware and software to enable electronic communicationwith a network or with one or more peripheral devices, such as a printerto produce a label or a report with information about a particular fluiddelivery process that has been performed. The electronic fluid deliverysystem 100 can also comprise an electronic display and/or a user inputsystem 110, one or more replaceable liquid source containers 120 filledwith medical liquid (such as liquid medical vials as shown), one or moreliquid pumps and/or liquid measurers 140 (such a syringe pump as shown),and/or one or more drive systems 190 functionally coupled to the liquidpumps and/or liquid measurers 140.

The electronic fluid delivery system 100 can be configured to receiveone or more commands from a user through the user input system 100, orin some other way. The user command or commands can initiate a deliveryof a particular type of one or more medications in a particular volumeor concentration. Upon receiving a liquid delivery command, theelectronic fluid delivery system 100 can cause the drive system 190 toactuate the liquid pump and/or measurer 140 to withdraw an amount ofliquid from a liquid source container 120, move it through a fluidpathway or channel in the electronic fluid delivery system 100, and pushit into a fluid destination container, such as an IV assembly 200, asshown. The fluid pathway or channel can comprise a number of differentstructures of the electronic fluid delivery system 100 through whichliquid passes as it progresses from the liquid source container 120 tothe fluid destination container 200.

An adapter, such as a vial adapter 165, as shown, can provide aninterface between the liquid source container 120 and the fluid channel.The adapter can comprise a hollow spike (not shown) for penetrating aseptum on a liquid vial to access the liquid contained in the vial. Insome embodiments, a plurality of different liquid source containers 120,fluid channels, pumps, and/or liquid destination containers 130, 210 canbe provided. In some embodiments, a plurality of different liquid sourcecontainers 120 with different medical fluids, such as different types ofdrugs, can be available to infuse in a specified combination into thesame destination container 130, 210.

In some embodiments, a support 180 can be provided for supporting aliquid destination container. As illustrated, the support 180 can beoriented in a substantially horizontal position, but many other types ofsupports can be used, including substantially vertical supports such ashangers. The support 180 can provide a platform and/or a location tohold onto or secure an IV assembly 200 comprising an IV bag 210, a dripchamber 230, a tubing 220, and a fluid-line connector, such as acloseable male luer connector 150, as shown.

The IV assembly 200 can be removably attached to and/or in fluidcommunication with the fluid pathway or channel in the electronic fluiddelivery system 100, which can include one or a plurality of an adapter,a pump, a connector (such as a resealable, needleless male or femaleluer connector 150, 160), tubing, and a removable, disposable fluidtransfer cartridge 170. None of the foregoing components is essential orindispensable; rather, various other types of components can be usedinstead of or in addition to those listed. For example, in someembodiments, an open-ended male or female fluid connector can be usedinstead of a resealable, needleless connector, especially in embodimentsinvolving benign fluids with clamps or stop-cocks in the fluid line.Various components of the fluid channel in the electronic fluid deliverysystem 100 can be removed and replaced, such as the liquid sourcecontainer 120, the IV assembly 200, the syringe pump 140, and thecartridge 170, which can each form a portion of the fluid channel whenattached. Each of these components can form a repeatably resealableconnection with the fluid channel, and when detached from the fluidchannel, each of these components can comprise a sealed end thatprevents conveyed or residual fluid from leaking out afterdisconnection. The resealable connections at each point of removableattachment in the fluid channel can be made using a series of male andfemale needleless luer connectors 150, 160.

The electronic fluid delivery system 100 can be positioned in a fumehood and the fluid transfer can be performed in the fume hood; however,in some embodiments, as shown, any fumes and fluid are maintained insideof a closed system, so it is not required to use the system 100 in afume hood. In some embodiments, fluid progresses under the influence ofback and forth motion of the fluid pump 140, in a substantially closedsystem from a liquid source container 120, through the fluid channel ofthe electronic fluid transfer cartridge 170, and to the fluiddestination container 200, which substantially entirely prevents liquidsand vapors from escaping during fluid transfer. As used herein, unlessotherwise indicated, the terms “substantially entirely prevents,” or“substantially entirely closed” or “substantially entirely closedsystem” and related or similar terms refer to processes and systems inwhich vapors and liquids are maintained inside a bounded region duringnormal usage and operating conditions to the degree that it is needed toavoid clinically significant adverse effects on healthcare practitionersor patients. Also, in some embodiments, each removable component (suchas the cartridge 170, or the source container 120 and vial adapter 165,or the IV assembly 200) that temporarily forms part of, or that istemporarily attached to, the fluid channel in the electronic fluidtransfer system 100 can separately form a resealable, substantiallyentirely closed fluid system within itself, which substantially entirelyprevents liquids and vapors from escaping during fluid transfer, andwhich can dramatically lower or eliminate the amount and frequency ofexposure of healthcare practitioners to harmful liquids and vaporsduring preparation and transfer of harmful fluids.

The fluid transfer cartridge 170 can comprise a disposable portion ofthe fluid channel of the electronic fluid delivery system 100 thatselectively directs fluid out of one or more fluid source containers 120and into one or more fluid destination containers 210. The fluidtransfer cartridge 170 may include one or more internal valves (notshown) to permit liquid to move in one direction away from a fluidsource container 120 and toward a fluid destination container 210, whileresisting unintended flow in an opposing direction. As illustrated, thefluid transfer cartridge 170 can comprise one or more closeable,resealable, needleless connectors, such as closeable male and femaleconnectors 150, 160, that are configured to connect to other portions ofthe fluid channel within the electronic fluid delivery system, such asan adapter on the fluid source container 120 and a connector on thefluid destination container 210. The fluid transfer cartridge can besupported or held in place by a holder 195. As used in thisspecification, unless otherwise specified, the terms “connect,”“attach,” “hold,” and related or similar terms are contemplated in abroad sense to refer to structures that are joined together, eitherdirectly or indirectly, to each other or to a common structure, andthese terms can encompass parts that are either separable or integralwith each other.

In some embodiments, as illustrated, the electronic fluid deliverysystem 100 can comprise multiple fluid pathways or channels fordelivering different types of medicinal liquids. For example, a firstpathway or channel can be configured to supply a first type of liquid(e.g., an inert or benign liquid such as water, saline solution,electrolyte liquid, or other diluent) from a first liquid sourcecontainer 120, through a first fluid line 175, through a first pump ormeasurer 140, to a first fluid destination container 130, and a secondpathway or channel can be configured to supply a second type of liquid(e.g., one or more drugs or combinations of drugs, such as achemotherapy drug, an antibiotic, an immunosuppressive drug, and/or apain management drug, etc.) from a second liquid source container 120,through a second fluid pathway to a second pump or measurer 140, to asecond fluid destination container, such as the IV assembly 200. In someembodiments, both the first and second fluid pathways or channels can beused to fill the same fluid destination container, such as the IVassembly 200, either serially or in parallel, and/or through the samefluid port on the fluid destination container, or through multiple,different fluid ports on the same fluid destination container.

Referring to FIG. 2, an example of a fluid destination container in theform of an IV assembly 200 is illustrated. Many other types orconfigurations of IV assemblies, and many other types or configurationsof fluid destination containers, can be used in addition to or insteadof the illustrated embodiment. Any reference in this specification to anIV bag or an IV assembly should be understood to also refer to and beapplicable to any other type of fluid destination container, includingbut not limited to any bottle, vial, cartridge, syringe, chamber, bag,tank, or other enclosure. In its initial state, the IV assembly 200comprises an empty, substantially flat IV bag 210 that can be formed insome embodiments by two layers of flexible plastic joined alongsubstantially their entire peripheries, a long tubing 300, and acloseable needleless connector (if used), such as a closeable male luerconnector 150, as illustrated. In some embodiments, as shown, the IVassembly 200 can comprise one or more additional fluid-line ports (ifused), including one or more input or output ports, such as a needlelesscloseable female luer connector 160 and/or a pierceable septum connector250, either or both of which can be configured to permit fluid to beadded to or removed from the IV bag 210 by attaching another medicalimplement, such as a syringe or connector, to either or both of theinput or output ports. The one or more additional fluid ports can beconfigured to permit filling of the IV assembly 200 with different typesof liquids through different ports of the IV assembly 200. For example,a first type of fluid, such as one or more active or potentially harmfultherapeutic fluids (e.g., chemotherapy drugs or immunosuppressivedrugs), can be infused through a first port 160, and a second type offluid, such as one or more inert or benign liquids (e.g., water, saline,or other diluent), can be infused through a second fluid pathway, suchas the connector 150 and tubing 220. However, in some embodiments, allliquids can be passed into and out of the IV assembly 200 through asingle fluid line and connector.

In some cases, if the fluids are passed through a single fluid line andconnector, different types of fluids can be used to fill the IV assembly200 in series (e.g., first the active drugs and/or potentially harmfuldrugs, and second the benign liquids such as water, saline, or otherdiluent). In some cases, if the fluids are passed through differentfluid lines and connectors, different types of fluids can be used tofill the IV assembly 200 in parallel or generally simultaneously, andsuch an arrangement can in some embodiments accomplish the filling in ashorter amount of time. Further, in some cases, filling different drugsthrough different ports in the same IV assembly 200 can help to achievea more thorough mixing and generally uniform dilution and concentrationof the liquids in the IV bag. Also, when the active or potentiallyharmful drugs are passed through the alternative or non-patient infusionline 160, 250, parallel infusion can help to avoid positioning harmfuldrugs in the leading fluid connector 150 or infusion fluid tubing 220during transportation and initial opening of the fluid line in the IVassembly at the patient care site. In some embodiments, as shown, the IVassembly 200 can comprise a drip chamber 230 in the patient infusionfluid line.

In the illustrated embodiment, the drip chamber 230 is connected, orbonded directly, permanently, and irreversibly, to a bottom opening inthe IV bag 210 at the IV bag-drip chamber bond 260, the long tubing 300is connected, or bonded directly, permanently, and irreversibly, to abottom opening in the drip chamber 230 at the drip chamber-tubing bond290, and a needleless closeable connector, such as a closeable male luerconnector 150 or a closeable female luer connector (not shown in FIG.2), is connected, or bonded directly, permanently, and irreversible to abottom end of the long tubing 220 at the tubing-connector bond 300. Insome embodiments, the long tubing 300 is connected, or bonded directly,permanently, and irreversibly, to a bottom opening in the IV bag 210,without a drip chamber 230. Either or both of the additional fluid-lineports can be bonded directly, permanently, and irreversibly to bottomopenings in the IV bag 210 at the IV bag-pierceable septum connectorbond 270 and/or at the IV bag-connector bond 280. The bonding at any ofthe bonding regions 260, 270, 280, 290, 300 can be accomplished in anysuitable manner, such as using adhesive, solvent, ultrasonic welding,thermoforming, heat staking, one-way screwing attachment, snap-fit,interference fit, etc. In some embodiments, the permanence of thesebonds helps to achieve a closed system and to diminish the risk of entryof microbes into the IV line and to diminish the risk of exposure ofdangerous fluids or vapors to healthcare practitioners and patients. Thepermanence of these bonds can help to avoid inadvertent removal orpulling out of a fluid line (such as by tugging on a bag spike that hasbeen inserted through a bag port). In some embodiments, one or more ofthe connection points between any of these components 210, 230, 220, 150can comprise a rotating or swiveling connection to help avoid tanglingor kinking of the tubing 220.

In some embodiments, the tubing 220 can be sufficiently long so as toextend comfortably, without creating a disruptive degree of fluid-linetension and without unduly constraining the patient's movement, from atypical position on or near the IV bag 210 in a hanging position on anIV pole (see FIG. 4) or other holder to a region near a fluid pump ornear a patient in a lying position on a standard hospital bed, such asat an attachment point with another fluid connector (e.g., a needlelesscloseable female luer connector 160), that is attached to a fluid linethat extends into the patient. In some embodiments, the tubing is atleast about 2 ½ feet (30 inches) long, or least about 3 feet (36 inches)long, or between about 2 ½ feet long and about 3 ½ feet long, or betweenabout 30 inches long and about 100 inches long. In some embodiments, thetubing can be formed from an extruded, continuous, homogeneous material,with substantially the same thickness, durometer, flexibility, diameter,and/or tension strength from one end of the tubing to the other end ofthe tubing or from the connection point at the IV bag 210 or dripchamber 230 to the resealable connector 150.

As illustrated, in some embodiments, the fluid pathway within the IVassembly 200 is configured to be open and in continuous fluidcommunication from a location within the IV bag 210, through the dripchamber 230 and/or tubing 220, to the closeable connector 150, withoutany blockage, valve, obstruction and/or resistance to fluid flow. Insome embodiments, the fluid pathway in the IV assembly 200 is integral:the connections between the components forming the fluid pathway withinthe IV assembly 200, from a location within the IV bag 210, through thedrip chamber 230 and/or tubing 220, to the closeable connector 150, areconfigured to be permanent and/or to resist disconnection by a user atany point within the fluid delivery pathway within the IV assembly 200from the IV bag 210 to the patient.

FIG. 3 illustrates some examples of closeable or resealable needlelessmale and female luer connectors 150, 160 that can be used with theinventions disclosed in this specification. Many other types ofconnectors can be used, including open-ended connectors and/ornon-standard connectors, in appropriate circumstances. In someembodiments, as illustrated, the connectors are standard IV medical luerconnectors, e.g., compliant with the ISO 594 standard. Any reference inthis specification to a male connector should be understood to beinterchangeable with a female connector, and any reference in thisspecification to a female connector should be understood to beinterchangeable with a male connector, with appropriate adjustments. Insome embodiments, fluid connector adaptors can be used to makeappropriate connections between fluid lines. For example, in a situationwhere two male fluid connectors must be joined to complete a fluidpathway, an adaptor comprising a pair of female fluid connectorspositioned in opposite directions on the fluid pathway and joinedtogether with a fluid conduit or tubing can be attached to the malefluid connectors. In some embodiments, such an adaptor can be used, forexample, to connect a cartridge 170 and an IV assembly 200 in which amale luer connector is positioned at the exit port of the cartridge 170and a male luer connector is positioned on the end of the tubing 220 ofthe IV assembly 200.

A first connector 150 can be a closeable male luer connector that isconfigured to prevent fluid from escaping from or entering into theconnector when it is not engaged with a corresponding female connector160, but that allows fluid to flow when it is engaged with acorresponding female connector 160. In the embodiments shown, the firstconnector 150 is a version of the Spiros® closeable male connectormanufactured by ICU Medical, Inc., of San Clemente, Calif. The firstconnector 150 can be configured to be attachable to a second connector160, which is illustrated as a version of the Clave® closeable femaleconnector, also manufactured by ICU Medical, Inc.

The first connector 150 can include a housing 398, a valve member 400, aresilient member 402, a sealing ring 404, an end cap 406, and an O-ring407. The housing 398 can be generally tubular in shape, and can includea passageway 408 that extends axially through the housing. The housing398 can include a male luer tip 410 that connects to the rest of thehousing 398 at a base 412. The luer tip 410 can be generally tubular inshape, and the luer tip 410 can include a hole 414 at its end, providingaccess to the passageway 408. As illustrated, in some embodiments,connectors can be used to substantially entirely prevent fluid thereinto leak, vaporize, or otherwise escape through apertures in the fluidpathway when the connectors are closed.

The luer tip 410 can be generally surrounded by a shroud 418 asillustrated. In some embodiments, the luer tip 410 extends a distancebeyond the edge 420 of the shroud. The shroud 418 can include innerthreads 422 on its interior surface. The inner threads 422 can be usedfor securing a female connector 160. The shroud can include an indentedportion 424 that has a smaller outer diameter than the other portions ofthe housing. The indented portion 424 can be configured to engage aportion of the resilient member 402.

The housing 398 can be constructed from a variety of materials. Thehousing 398 can be constructed from a rigid material such aspolycarbonate or other polymeric materials. In some embodiments, thehousing 398 can be constructed from a hydrophobic material such as BayerMakrolon, or any other suitable material. In some embodiments, thehousing 398 can be formed from a substantially transparent material.

The connector 150 can include a fluid passageway 440 extending axiallyfrom an opening formed in a base portion 444 and into a tube 446. Insome embodiments, the passageway 440 can be wider in the base portion444 than in the tube 446. In some embodiments, the tube 446 includes anarrowed tip 448. In some embodiments, the tip 448 can have a taperedouter surface. In some embodiments, the tip 448 can be made from aflexible or compressible material, such as silicone rubber, tofacilitate formation of the fluid seal between the tip 448 and the shelf416. In some embodiments, the tube can include one or more holes 450 forproviding access to the fluid passageway 440. The holes 450 can beformed, for example, in the tip 448 of the tube 446.

In some embodiments, the valve member 400 can include two struts 452 a,452 b extending out from the base 444 and positioned on either side oftube 446, so that an open space is defined on either side of the tube.In some embodiments, the tube 446 can extend axially past the ends ofthe struts 452 a, 452 b. The valve member 400 can be constructed from avariety of materials, such as polycarbonate or other polymericmaterials. In some embodiments, the valve member 400 can be constructedfrom the same material as the housing 398. In some embodiments, thevalve member 400 and housing 398 can be constructed from differentmaterials. In some embodiments, the valve member 400 can be constructedfrom multiple materials or from multiple pieces. For example, the tip448 can be constructed from a material that is more flexible than theremainder of the valve member 400. In some embodiments, the valve member400 can be formed from a substantially opaque material.

The resilient member 402 can include a first ring and a second ringconnected to each other by longitudinally extending elastic members (notshown). The elastic members can be made from an elastic material thatexerts a restoring force when stretched, such as silicone. Thus, if therings are pulled apart, the elastic members function to restore therings to their relaxed configuration. In some embodiments, the rings arealso constructed from an elastic material, such as the same materialused to form the elastic members. In some embodiments, the second ringcan have a greater diameter than the first ring. In some embodiments,the second ring can have a tapered outer surface so that the end of thesecond ring that is closest to the first ring is wider than the end ofthe second ring that is furthest from the first ring.

The sealing ring 404 can be generally cylindrical in shape, and can havea bore extending axially therethrough. The sealing ring 404 can have acylindrical body section and an O-ring located at one end of the bodysection 468. The sealing ring 404 can be constructed from a variety ofmaterials. In some embodiments, the sealing ring 404 can be constructedfrom a deformable or elastic material such as a silicone rubber.

The end cap 406 can include a first end cap member 405 and a second endcap member 409. The second end cap member 409 can include an attachmentportion, a plunger, and a disk portion located between the attachmentportion and the plunger. The second end cap member 409 can have a fluidpassageway axially positioned therein. In some embodiments, the plungercan be generally tubular in shape. In some embodiments, the outersurface of the plunger includes an indented region, which can beconfigured to receive the O-ring 407 therein.

The O-ring 407 can be constructed from an elastic material such assilicone rubber so that it can be stretched over the edge of the plungerand be seated in the indented region. In some embodiments, the O-ringcan be constructed from the same material as the resilient member 402and/or the sealing ring. In some embodiments, the O-ring can be sized sothat when seated in the indented region, the thickest portion of theO-ring 407 extends radially outwardly a distance past the outer surfaceof the plunger.

The valve member 400 can be slidably inserted into the housing 398 sothat the tube 446 enters the passageway 408. The narrowed tip 448 of thetube 446 can pass through the bore of the sealing ring 404 and into themale luer tip 410 until it abuts against the shelf 416. The tube 446 canhave a width that substantially fills the bore 446 and presses againstthe O-ring 470 portion of the sealing ring 404 to form a fluid sealtherebetween. The struts 452 a, 452 b can pass through holes in thehousing 398, so that the struts 452 a, 452 b are positioned between themale luer tip 410 and the shroud 418.

The resilient member 402 can function to bias the valve member 400against the housing 398. The first ring 460 can fit onto the lowerportion 458 of the base 444 of the valve member 400, so that a surfaceof the ring 460 abuts against the protrusions 454. The second ring 462can fit into the indented portion 424 of the housing. The elasticmembers can be positioned in channels.

The first connector 150 can be configured to engage a second connector160. In some embodiments, the second connector 160 can be a closeable,resealable, needleless female connector, as illustrated. A variety oftypes of female connectors 332 can be used. The female connector 160shown includes a housing 490, a spike 492, a base 494, and a resilientseal element 496. A fluid passageway 498 can pass through the base 494and through the spike 492. The spike 492 can include one or more holes500 providing fluid communication between the passageway 498 and thearea outside the spike 492. The seal element 496 can be shaped andpositioned to substantially surround the spike 492. The seal element 496can include a closable aperture 502 or slit that can open to allow thetip of the spike 492 to pass through then end of the seal element 496when the seal element 496 is compressed. The housing can includeexternal threads 504 configured to engage the inner threads 422 on thehousing 398 of the male connector 150. An end of the tubing 334 can beconnected to the end of the female connector 160 by an adhesive, clamp,friction or pressure fitting, or other suitable manner to form a fluidtight connection.

In some embodiments, the housing 398, sealing ring 404, resilient member402, valve member 400, and first end cap member 405 can rotate about thelongitudinal axis with respect to the second end cap member 409. Thus,as the female connector 160 of the IV bag assembly is attached to themale connector 150, the female connector 160 can be held still while thehousing 398 of the male connector 150 can rotate causing the threads504, 422 to engage. Since the female connector 322 is not required torotate during engagement and disengagement with the male connector 150,the tubing 334 can avoid being twisted or kinked and the user is notrequired to twist the IV bag to accommodate rotation of the femaleconnector 322.

When not engaged with the female connector 160, the male connector 150can be sealed. In some embodiments, fluid can enter the male connector150 at the male connector 352 and pass through the passageway 478 of theend cap 406, through the passageway 440 of the valve member 400, throughthe holes 450, and into the portion of the passageway 408 of the maleluer tip 410.

When the male connector 150 is engaged with the female connector 160,the external threads 504 of the female luer connector 332 can engage theinner threads 422 on the shroud 418, securing the female connector 160to the male connector 150. The edge of the male luer tip 410 can pressagainst and compress the resilient seal element 496 so that the spike492 passes through the aperture 502 until the holes 500 are exposed. Theend of the housing 490 of the female luer connector 332 can enter thespace between the male luer tip 410 and the shroud 418 until it contactsthe struts 452 a, 452 b. As the female luer connector 332 furtherengages the male connector 150, it can push on the struts 452 a, 452 bcausing the entire valve member 400 to retract. As the valve member 400retracts, the elastic members 464 a, 464 b of the resilient member 402stretch. When the valve member 400 retracts, the tip 448 disengages fromthe shelf 416, breaking the fluid seal and allowing fluid pass from thepassageway 408 in the housing 398 of the male connector 150 to thepassageway 498 in the female connector 160 via the holes 500. Whenengaged, the resilient seal element 496 exerts a restoring force towardthe male connector 150 that presses the end of the seal element 496against the end of the male luer tip 410, forming a fluid sealtherebetween. Thus, the fluid can be kept isolated from the externalenvironment while it is transferred from the male connector 150 to thefemale connector 160.

The female connector 160 can be disengaged from the male connector 150.The restoring force exerted by the resilient seal element 496 of thefemale connector 160 can cause it to return to its closed position,sealing off its passageway 498. The elastic members of the resilientmember 402 can exert a restoring force on the valve member 400, causingthe valve member 400 to return to its closed position with its tip 448abutted against the shelf 416 as the female connector 160 is disengaged.Any suitable connection can be provided at the fluid line connectionpoints illustrated and/or described in this specification, including butnot limited to those illustrated and/or described in connection withFIG. 3. Other connectors and/or other features of connectors can be usedin addition to or instead of those illustrated and/or described inconnection with FIG. 3.

Returning to FIGS. 1A and 1B, some methods of filling a custom IVassembly 200 with a particular amount or concentration of a therapeuticfluid or fluids for the needs of a particular patient or patients cancomprise one or more or any combination of the following steps:

(i) obtaining, or instructing a user to obtain, a request from ahealthcare practitioner or from a computer system for a custom-filled IVbag or a plurality of IV bags, each with a particular drug or drugs,and/or a particular dose or concentration of a drug or drugs, for aparticular patient or patients;

(ii) obtaining, or instructing a user to obtain, an integral IV assembly200 with one or more permanent, pre-attached bonds along an internalfluid path from an IV bag 210 through a resealable needleless connector150, the IV assembly initially being empty of liquid or not completelyfilled with liquid;

(iii) attaching, or instructing a user to attach, one or more fluidinlets in the IV assembly 200 to one or more fluid dispensing outlets inthe electronic fluid dispensing system 100, such as attaching aconnector (e.g., a resealable, needleless male connector 150) of the IVassembly 200 to at least a first fluid channel of an electronic fluiddispensing system 100, such as by way of a complimentary connector 160(e.g., a resealable, needleless female connector 160) in a disposablefluid cartridge 170 of the electronic fluid dispensing system 100, or byway of a suitable fluid connection adaptor, in the event that theconnectors are not capable of forming a fluid connection (such as when amale-to-male connection or a female-to-female connection needs to bemade);

(iv) providing, or instructing a user to provide, one or more usercommands to the electronic fluid dispensing system to enable thetransfer of a specific amount and/or concentration of a liquid orliquids from one or more fluid source containers 120 to the IV bag 210,such as by first passing fluid from at least one fluid source container120 through a combination of one or more of an adaptor 165, one or moreconnectors 150, 160, a fluid cartridge 170, a liquid pump and/ormeasurer 140, and/or one or more connectors 150, 160, to the IV assembly200, then permitting the fluid to continue progressing into theconnector 150 of the IV assembly 200, into the long tubing 220 of the IVassembly 200, through the drip chamber 230 (if included) of the IVassembly 200, and into the IV bag 210, until the desired amount and/orconcentration of the drug or drugs is received in the IV bag 210 (asillustrated, for example, in FIG. 1A), and/or providing one or moreadditional fluid filling lines in series or in parallel from theelectronic fluid dispensing system 100 to the IV bag 210 (asillustrated, for example, in FIG. 1B), in either manner in someembodiments filling the IV bag 210 and pre-priming the drip chamber 230,long tubing 220, and fluid connector 150, as part of the same stepand/or at generally the same time as filling the IV bag 210;

(v) detaching, or instructing a user to detach, the IV assembly 200 fromthe electronic fluid dispensing system 100, such as by detaching theconnector 150 of the IV assembly 200 from the corresponding portion ofthe fluid channel of the electronic fluid dispensing system, anddetaching any other fluid connections from any other fluid channels;

(vi) transporting, or instructing a user to transport, the custom-filledIV assembly 200 to a patient care site;

(vii) hanging or otherwise positioning, or instructing a user to hang orotherwise position, the IV bag 220 on an IV pole near a patient, such asby using a hanger 240 on the IV bag 220, or positioning the IV bag 220on or in another type of holder; and/or

(iix) extending, or instructing a user to extend, the pre-primed longtubing 220 from the hanging IV bag to an infusion pump (not shown),which is in turn configured to pump fluid to a patient, or extending, orinstructing a user to extend, the pre-primed long tubing 220 from the IVbag directly to an infusion site near a patient, and attaching thepre-primed, connector 150 of the IV assembly 200 to a complimentaryconnector 160 on a fluid line that leads into the fluid pump or directlyinto the patient's vasculature.

As illustrated in FIG. 1B, in some embodiments in which the IV assemblyincludes multiple ports (also as shown in the example of FIG. 2), thestep of filling the IV assembly 200 can include multiple fluidconnections between the electronic fluid dispensing system 100 and theIV bag 210. Different types of fluids can be infused through differentports. In some embodiments, to save time, different types of fluids canbe infused in parallel, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, generallysimultaneously from the electronic fluid dispensing system 100 into theIV bag 210; however, in some embodiments, different fluids can beinfused through different ports at different times.

All of the foregoing steps, or any combination of these steps, can beperformed in some embodiments without requiring a healthcarepractitioner to penetrate a spike-port on an IV bag with a hollow spikeleading to a patient infusion line, and/or without requiring ahealthcare practitioner to prime the fluid tubing, drip chamber (ifused), and/or fluid connector (if used), of an IV assembly at or nearthe patient administration site and outside of a hazardous fume hood. Asillustrated, in some embodiments, an IV bag can be provided without anyspike-port at all or without any spike-port that has a septum configuredto be pierced by a sharp spike. Rather, in some embodiments, the samefluid line in the IV assembly 200 can be used to fill the IV bag 210with liquid in an upstream direction from the connector 150, through thelong tubing 220 and drip chamber 230 (if used), to the IV bag 210, andthen later to infuse the liquid from the IV bag 210 in a downstreamdirection through the same drip chamber 230 (if used), long tubing 220,and connector 150, to the patient injection site. The movement of liquidwithin the electronic fluid dispensing system 100 and/or the filling ofthe IV assembly 200 can be accomplished with any pump, such as a syringepump or a peristaltic pump. In some embodiments, a syringe pump or aperistaltic pump is not used.

In some embodiments, during the IV assembly filling stage, after adesired quantity of therapeutic agent is delivered to the IV assembly200, an additional volume of liquid, such as an inert or benign liquid,can be pushed through or made to “chase” the drug through the lowerfluid pathway of the IV assembly 200, such as through the bottomconnector 150, the tubing 520, the drip chamber 530 (if used), and/orinto the IV bag 210, so as to flush or move any potentially harmfulliquid or vapors an effective distance into the IV assembly 200 and awayfrom persons who are transporting, storing, and/or administering thetherapeutic liquid to a patient.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a pre-primed IV assembly 500 at apatient care site that has been filled using some type of an electronicfluid dispensing system, such as the electronic fluid dispensing systemof FIGS. 1A and 1B. The IV bag 510 of the IV assembly 500 is hung with ahanger 540 on an IV pole 550. The liquid 505 containing one or moretherapeutic agents, such as antibiotics, pain management medication,chemotherapy, and/or immunosuppressive drugs, in the IV bag 510 movesunder the influence of gravity from an exit location at the bottom ofthe IV bag 510, into the drip chamber 530 (if used), into the long tube520, through the connectors 150, 160, through the patient catheter 560,and into the patient 570. In some embodiments, the one or moretherapeutic agents in the IV bag 510 move from the IV bag 510, into thedrip chamber (530) if used, into the long tube 520, through the endconnector on the IV assembly 500 if used, and into an input connector160 (not shown) on an IV pump assembly (not shown). In the illustratedembodiment, the distance or length of the pre-primed fluid path of theIV assembly 500, from the exit location on the IV bag 510 to theresealable connector 160 on the patient catheter 560, is at least about2 ½ feet and/or less than or equal to about 3 ½ feet, which issufficiently long to provide a comfortable attachment distance betweenthe IV bag 510 and the patient when the patient is in a generally flatposition on a hospital bed or when the patient is sitting in a chairwith a generally horizontally extended arm. Many other types,configurations, and lengths of tubing can be used.

1-6. (canceled)
 7. A method of priming an IV assembly with therapeuticmedical fluid for a patient while introducing therapeutic medical fluidto the IV assembly, the method comprising: obtaining an IV assembly, theIV assembly comprising: an empty IV bag with an outlet on a lower side;and a patient-administration tubing comprising a closeable connectorthat is selectively openable and closeable, the closeable connectorcomprising a first end and a second end, the first end of the closeableconnector being attached in fluid communication with thepatient-administration tubing, the closeable connector comprising anopen position and a closed position for sealing fluid within the IVassembly, wherein the patient-administration tubing and the closeableconnector are permanently attached in fluid communication with the IVbag; attaching the closeable connector to a fluid source; priming the IVassembly by pushing fluid through the closeable connector, through thepatient-administration tubing, and into the IV bag; and closing thecloseable connector to provide a closed, primed IV assembly that isconfigured to connect to an access point in an IV tube attached to apatient such that the primed IV assembly is configured to allow thefluid in the primed IV assembly to be conveyed through thepatient-administration tubing of the primed IV assembly to the accesspoint without requiring additional priming of the closeable connector.8. The method of claim 7, in which the IV bag further comprises at leastone access port for permitting additional fluid to be introduced intothe IV bag or for permitting at least a portion of fluid that isintroduced into the IV bag to be removed.
 9. The method of claim 8, inwhich the IV bag comprises at least two access ports.
 10. The method ofclaim 9, in which one of the access ports is a second closeableconnector and one of the access ports comprises a pierceable septum. 11.The method of claim 7, in which the patient-administration tubingneither comprises nor is attached to a bag spike for piercing a septumon the IV bag to access an interior of the IV bag.
 12. The method ofclaim 7, in which the closeable connector comprises a male end thatincludes an interior closure element that is flush with the male end inthe closed position.
 13. The method of claim 7, wherein thepatient-administration tubing of the IV assembly is at least about 2 ½feet long.
 14. The method of claim 7, wherein the IV assembly has nospike-port.
 15. The method of claim 7, wherein the IV assembly forms aclosed system.
 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the IV assembly isconfigured so that all liquid can be passed into and out of the IVassembly through a single fluid line and connector.
 17. The method ofclaim 7, wherein one or more connection points between thepatient-administration tubing and at least one of the IV bag and thecloseable connector comprises a rotating or swiveling connection to helpavoid tangling or kinking of the patient-administration tubing.
 18. Themethod of claim 7, wherein the patient-administration tubing issufficiently long to be capable of extending from the outlet of the IVbag to the access point in the IV tube attached to the patient when thepatient is in a lying position and the IV assembly is attached to a polestand.
 19. The method of claim 7, wherein the patient-administrationtubing further comprises a drip chamber.
 20. The method of claim 19,wherein the drip chamber is permanently attached in fluid communicationwith the patient-administration tubing.
 21. The method of claim 20,wherein the step of filling the IV bag does not require attaching thedrip chamber to the patient-administration tubing.
 22. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the closable connector is removably attached in fluidcommunication with the patient-administration tubing.
 23. The method ofclaim 7, wherein the closable connector is permanently attached in fluidcommunication with the patient-administration tubing.
 24. The method ofclaim 23, wherein the step of filling the IV bag does not requireattaching the closeable connector to the patient-administration tubing.25. The method of claim 24, wherein the patient-administration tubingand the closeable connector are permanently attached by way of solventor ultrasonic welding.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the step ofclosing the closeable connector comprises detaching the closeableconnector from the fluid source.
 27. The method of claim 7, wherein thefluid source comprises an electronic system configured to prime the IVassembly.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the step of attaching thecloseable connector comprises attaching the closeable connector to theelectronic system.
 29. The method of claim 27, wherein the IV assemblyis configured so that all liquid can be passed into and out of the IVassembly through a single fluid line and connector.
 30. The method ofclaim 27, wherein the patient-administration tubing is sufficiently longto be capable of extending from the outlet of the IV bag to the accesspoint in the IV tube attached to the patient when the patient is in alying position and the IV assembly is attached to a pole stand.
 31. Themethod of claim 27, wherein the IV assembly forms a closed system.